목차

마르크스주의와 인류세 *


MARX21

  • 출처: Camilla Royle, Chapter2 Marxism and the Anthropocene, System Change not Climate Change (edited by Martin Empson, 2019, Bookmarks)

  1. www.co2.earth를 보라. 알렉스 캘리니코스, 조셉 추나라, 마틴 엠슨과 이안 라펠이 이 글에 조언을 줬다. 이 글의 초판은 2016년 7월 《인터내셔널 소셜리즘》 151호에 실렸고 2019년 초에 개정됐다. 그 사이에 이산화탄소 농도가 10ppm 상승했다.
  2. Simon Lewins, “A force of Nature: Our Influential Anthropocene Period”, Guardian, 23 July 2009, www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/cif-green/2009/jul/climate-change-humanity-change
  3. Simon Lewis and Mark Maslin, The Human Planet: How we Created the Anthropocene (Pelican, 2018).
  4. Jan Zalasiewicz, and many others, “When did the Anthropocene begin? A mid-twentieth century boundary level is stratigraphically optimal”, Quaternary International, volume 383, 2015.
  5. Adam Vaughan, “Human impact has pushed Earth into the Anthropocene, scientists say”, Guardian, 7 January 2016, www.theguardian.com/environment/2016/jan/07/human-impact-has-pushed-earth-to-the-anthropocene-scientists-say
  6. Richard Monastersky, “First atomic blast proposed as start of Anthropocene”, Nature News, 16 January 2015, www.nature.com/news/first-atomic-blast-proposed-as-start-of-anthropocene-1.16739
  7. Ian Angus, “Entering the Age of Humans”, Socialist Review, May 2016, http://socialistreview.org.uk/413/entering-age-humans
  8. Paul Crutzen and Eugene Stoermer, “The ‘Anthropocene’”, International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme (IGBP) Global Change Newsletter, number 41, May 2000. IGBP는 인간 사회와 지구의 물리적·화학적·생물학적 변화 사이의 상호작용, 즉 종종 하나뿐인 “지구 시스템”으로 설명되는 분야에 대한 연구 필요성이 증대된 결과로 1987년에 설립된 단체다.
  9. Ian Angus, “The Anthropocene: When did it begin and why does it matter?” Monthly Review, volume 67, number 4, 2015.
  10. Crutzen and Stoermer, “The ‘Anthropocene’”, as above, p18.
  11. Simon Lewis and Mark Maslin, “Defining the Anthropocene”, Nature, issue 519, 2015
  12. ‘인간 날씨’라는 용어는 얼 엘리스(Erle Ellis)와 관련있다. Erle Ellis, “Evolving toward a better Anthropocene”, Future Earth blog (29 March 2016), www.futureearth.org/blog/2016-mar-29/evolving-toward-better-anthropocene.
  13. Lewis, “A Force of Nature”, as above.
  14. www.underwatersculpture.com/sculptures/anthropocene/을 보라.
  15. John Bellamy Foster, “John Bellamy Foster Answers Three Questions on Marxism and Ecology:, La Revue du Projet, 2016, http://climateandcapitalism.com/2016/03/21/marxism-and-ecology-three-questions-for-john-bellamy-foster 와 Ian Angus, Facing the Anthoropocene (Monthly Review Press), 2016. 을 보시오.
  16. John Bellamy Foster, “Late Soviet Ecology and the Planetary Crisis”, Monthly Review, volume 67, number 2, 2015.
  17. Naomi Klein, “Let Them Drown : The Violence of Othering in a Warming World”, London Review of Books, volume 38, number 11, 2016, www.lrb.co.uk/v38/n11/naomi-klein/let-them-drown
  18. Andreas Malm, Fossil Capital (Verso, 2016), pp32 and 391.
  19. 황금못은 층서구역(GSSP, Global Stratotype Section and Point)이라고도 한다.
  20. 유성은 실제로는 튀니지가 아니라 멕시코 유카탄 반도에 충돌했다.
  21. Lewins and Maslin, “Defining the Anthropocene”, as above
  22. Loulla-Mae Eleftheriou-Smith “Dinosaurs were ‘in Decline’ 50 Million Years Before Asteroid Strike Wiped Them Out, Study Suggests”, Independent, 19 April 2016, http:// tinyurl.com/hnpqa7h
  23. 이 시기의 층서구역(황금못)은 그린랜드 빙하에서 시추한 1만 1700년 전 [대기중] 중수소 함량의 변화다. 이는 이 때의 지구 온난화의 증거다.
  24. Lewins and Maslin, “Defining the Anthropocene”, as above
  25. 농업과 축산업에서의 온실가스 배출, 숲 파괴는 홀로세의 초기부터 지구 기온에 영향을 끼쳤고, 지구 한랭화를 예방하는 효과를 냈을 것이다. — Jan Zalasiewicz, Mar Williams, Will Steffen, and Paul Crutzen, “The New World of the Anthropocene”, Environmental Science and Technology Viewpoint, issue 44, 2010, http://pubs.acs.org/doi/pdf/10.1021/es903118j
  26. Judith Orr, Marxism and Women’s Liberation (Bookmarks, 2015), pp34-51.[국역: 《마르크스주의와 여성해방》, 책갈피, 2016.]
  27. Chris Harman, A People’s History of the World (Bookmarks, 1999), p175.[국역: 《민중의 세계사》, 책갈피, 2004.]
  28. 하먼, 위의 책, 234쪽.
  29. Lewis and Maslin, “Defining the Anthropocene” and The Human Planet, as above.
  30. Malm, Fossil Capital, as above, p54.
  31. Crutzen and Stoermer, “The ‘Anthropocene’”, as above.
  32. Malm, Fossil Capital, as above.
  33. Will Steffen, Paul Crutzen, and John McNeill, “The Anthropocene: Are Humans Now Overwhelming the Great Forces of Nature?”, Ambio: A Journal of the Human Environment, volume 36, number 8, 2007. www.pik-potsdam.de/news/public-events/archiv/alter-net/former-ss/2007/05-09.2007/steffen/literature/ambi-36-08-06_614_621.pdf
  34. Zalasiewicz and others, “When did the Anthropocene begin?”, as above. 이 논문의 저자들은 신생대의 시작을 알린 유성 충돌 사건과의 유사성 때문에 [핵]폭탄이 지구에 떨어졌을 때 인류세가 시작됐다는 생각을 선호하는 것으로 보인다.
  35. Lewis and Maslin, “Defining the Anthropocene”, as above.
  36. 지질학 표준 실습에서는 1950년 1월 1일을 “현재”로 표시한다.
  37. Will Steffen and others, Global Change and the Earth System (International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme, 2004), p258. www.igbp.net/publications/igbpbookseries/igbpbookseries/globalchangeandtheearthsystem2004.5.1b8ae20512db692f2a680007462.html. 대략 50년 전이라는 시기는 [크뤼천과 스토머의] 대가속기와 일치하기도 한다. 다만 이 시기를 인류세 내의 전환점으로 보기보다는 인류세의 시점으로 보는 경향이 커지고 있다.
  38. Zalasiewicz and others, “When did the Anthropocene begin?”, as above.
  39. Anthropocene Working Group, “Media Note”, 29 August 2016, www2.le.ac.uk/offices/press/press-releases/2016/august/media-note-anthropocene-working-group-awg (accessed online 29.7.18).
  40. 오늘날 세계 인구의 다수는 도시에 산다.
  41. Zalasiewicz and others, “When did the Anthropocene begin?”, as above. 일회용 포장지의 정치와 소비재가 저절로 망가지도록 만들어지는 것을 둘러싼 정치에 대해서는 다음을 보라. Martin Empson, Land and Labour: Marxism, Ecology and Human History (Bookmarks, 2014), chapter 11.
  42. Lewis and Maslin, “Defining the Anthropocene”, as above.
  43. Ian Angus, “Hijacking the Anthropocene”, Climate and Capitalism, 19 May 2015, http://climateandcapitalism.com/2015/05/19/hijacking-the-anthropocene/
  44. Angus, “Entering the Age of Humans”, as above.
  45. Steffen and others, “The Anthropocene: Are Humans Now Overwhelming the Great Forces of Nature?”, as above. See Andreas Malm, “The Anthropocene Myth”, Jacobin, 30 March 2015, www.jacobinmag.com/2015/03/anthropocene-capitalism-climate-change/for a critique of this thinking.
  46. Steffen and others, “The Anthropocene: Are Humans Now Overwhelming the Great Forces of Nature?”, as above.
  47. Steffen and others, “The Anthropocene: Are Humans Now Overwhelming the Great Forces of Nature?”, as above.
  48. Eva Lövbrand, Silke Beck, Jason Chilvers, Tim Forsyth, Johan Hedrén, Mike Hulme, Rolf Lidskog, and Eleftheria Vasileiadou, “Who Speaks for the Future of Earth? How Critical Social Science can Extend the Conversation on the Anthropocene”, Global Environmental Change, volume 32, 2015 and Jason Moore, Capitalism in the Web of Life (Verso, 2015).
  49. Lövbrand and others, “Who Speaks for the Future of Earth?”, as above.
  50. Steve Connor, “Scientist Publishes ‘Escape Route’ from Global Warming”, Independent, 30 July 2006, http://tinyurl.com/dxe7w
  51. 하지만 ‘민중을 위한 과학’이 2018년에 출판한 여러 글들을 보라. https:// magazine.scienceforthepeople.org/tag/geoengineering/
  52. Kevin Anderson, “The Hidden Agenda: How Veiled Techno-utopias Shore up the Paris Agreement”, 6 January 2016, http://kevinanderson.info/blog/the-hidden-agenda-how- veiled-techno-utopias-shore-up-the-paris-agreement/
  53. Ellis, “Evolving toward a better Anthropocene”, as above.
  54. Angus, “Hijacking the Anthropocene”, as above.
  55. Jamie Lorimer, Wildlife in the Anthropocene: Conservation after Nature (University of Minnesota Press, 2015).
  56. Andreas Malm, “Our Fight for Survival”, Jacobin, 29 November 2015, www.jacobinmag. com/2015/11/climate-change-paris-cop21-hollande-united-nations/
  57. Malm, Fossil Capital, as above, and Martin Empson’s review, “Why Capitalism is Addicted to Oil and Coal”, Climate and Capitalism, 17 December 2015, http://climateandcapitalism. com/2015/12/17/fossil-capital-the-rise-of-steam-power-and-the-roots-of-global-warming/
  58. Malm, “The Anthropocene Myth”, as above.
  59. 이 책에 실려 있는 에이미 레더의 글[국역: ‘화석연료에 대한 절망적 집착’, 《마르크스21》 34호]을 참고하시오.
  60. Malm, Fossil Capital, p269 and Andreas Malm and Alf Hornborg, “The Geology of Mankind? A Critique of the Anthropocene Narrative”, Anthropocene Review, volume 1, number 1, 2014.
  61. 말름은 2016년 3월 2일 런던에서 열린 그의 책 《화석 자본》Fossil Capital 출판기념회에서 이 점을 지적했다.
  62. 이 책에 실려 있는 수잔 제퍼리의 글을 참고하시오. [아직 번역되지 않았다.]
  63. Paul Crutzen, “Geology of Mankind”, Nature, volume 415, 2002, www.geo.utexas.edu/courses/387h/PAPERS/Crutzen2002.pdf
  64. Will Steffen, Wendy Broadgate, Lisa Deutsch, Owen Gaffney, and Cornelia Ludwig, “The Trajectory of the Anthropocene: The Great Acceleration”, Anthropocene Review, 2015, https://favaretoufabc.files.wordpress.com/2013/06/2015-steffen-et-al-the-great-acceleration-1.pdf
  65. Jason W Moore, “The Capitalocene, Part I: On the Nature and Origins of our Ecological Crisis”, Journal of Peasant Studies, volume 44, issue 3, 2017. See also Moore, Capitalism in the Web of Life, as above.
  66. Steffen and others, Global Change and the Earth System, as above, p1.
  67. Ellis, “Evolving toward a better Anthropocene”, as above.
  68. Karl Marx, Capital, volume 1 (Penguin Classics, 1990), p284.[국역: 《자본론》 1상, 비봉출판사, 2015]
  69. Friedrich Engels, The Part Played by Labour in the Transition from Ape to Man (Progress Publishers, 1934 [1876]). www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1876/part-played-labour/
  70. Engels, as above.
  71. Paul Blackledge, “How Humans Make Themselves”, International Socialism 117, winter 2007, http://isj.org.uk/how-humans-make-themselves/
  72. Blackledge, as above; Elizabeth Terzakis, “What do Socialists say about Human Nature?”, International Socialist Review, issue 47, May-June 2006, www.isreview.org/issues/47/wdss- humnature.shtml
  73. Ian Rappel, “Capitalism and Species Extinction”, International Socialism 147, summer 2015, http://isj.org.uk/capitalism-and-species-extinction/
  74. Empson, Land and Labour and Martin Empson, “Can we Build a Sustainable Society?”, Socialist Review, December 2015, http://socialistreview.org.uk/408/can-we-build-sustainable-society
  75. Empson, Land and Labour, as above, chapter 11.
  76. Naomi Klein, This Changes Everything: Capitalism vs the Climate (Penguin, 2015).
  77. Moore, Capitalism in the Web of Life and “The Capitalocene”, as above.
  78. Empson, Land and Labour, as above, chapter 11.
  79. Angus, “The Anthropocene: When did it begin and why does it matter?”, as above.
  80. Angus, Facing the Anthropocene, as above, pp137-145.
  81. Joseph Choonara, “Marxist Accounts of the Current Crisis”, International Socialism 123, summer 2009, http://isj.org.uk/marxist-accounts-of-the-current-crisis/
  82. Rappel, “Capitalism and Species Extinction”, as above, p110.
  83. For example, Moore, “The Capitalocene”, as above.
  84. Angus, Facing the Anthropocene, as above, pp230-231.
  85. Malm and Hornborg, “The Geology of Mankind?”, as above.
  86. Angus, “The Anthropocene: When did it begin and why does it matter?”, as above.
  87. Angus, “Entering the Age of Humans”, as above.
  88. Will Steffen endorsement for Angus, Facing the Anthropocene, as above.
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